diff --git a/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.cpp b/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.cpp
index e122bbc..b347beb 100644
--- a/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.cpp
+++ b/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.cpp
@@ -1,14 +1,68 @@
 #include "Frame_2D.hpp"
+#include <blend2d/core/pixelconverter.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <stdexcept>
 namespace aethera::render_2d {
+namespace {
+const BLPixelConverter& rgba_converter() {
+    static const BLPixelConverter converter = [] {
+        BLFormatInfo source{};
+        if (source.query(BL_FORMAT_PRGB32) != BL_SUCCESS)
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to query Blend2D PRGB32 format");
+        constexpr std::uint8_t sizes[4]{8, 8, 8, 8};
+        constexpr std::uint8_t shifts[4]{0, 8, 16, 24};
+        BLFormatInfo destination{};
+        destination.init(32, BL_FORMAT_FLAG_RGBA, sizes, shifts);
+        if (destination.sanitize() != BL_SUCCESS)
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to describe browser RGBA8 format");
+        BLPixelConverter result;
+        if (result.create(destination, source) != BL_SUCCESS)
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create Blend2D RGBA8 converter");
+        return result;
+    }();
+    return converter;
+}
+}
 struct Frame_2D::Private {
-    Blend2D_Cache color{};                                  /* Scene 直接合成且由外部 Frame 生命周期持有的最终颜色层。 */
+    Blend2D_Cache color{};                                  /* Scene 直接合成的原生 PRGB32 颜色层。 */
+    Pixel_Format output_format{native_pixel_format};        /* 调用方为本帧选择的最终协议格式。 */
 };
-Frame_2D::Frame_2D(Frame_Identity identity) : Render_Frame(identity), d(std::make_unique<Private>()) {}
+Frame_2D::Frame_2D(Frame_Identity identity, Pixel_Format output_format)
+    : Render_Frame(identity), d(std::make_unique<Private>()) {
+    if (std::ranges::find(supported_pixel_formats, output_format) ==
+        supported_pixel_formats.end())
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Frame_2D output pixel format is unsupported");
+    d->output_format = output_format;
+}
 Frame_2D::~Frame_2D() = default;
+Pixel_Format Frame_2D::output_format() const noexcept {
+    return d->output_format;
+}
 Image_View Frame_2D::image() const { return d->color.view(); }
+Pixel_Buffer Frame_2D::output_pixels() const {
+    const Image_View source = image();
+    Pixel_Buffer result{{}, source.width, source.height, d->output_format};
+    if (source.empty()) return result;
+    const std::size_t row_size = static_cast<std::size_t>(source.width) * 4U;
+    result.bytes.resize(row_size * static_cast<std::size_t>(source.height));
+    if (d->output_format == native_pixel_format) {
+        for (int y = 0; y < source.height; ++y)
+            std::memcpy(result.bytes.data() + static_cast<std::size_t>(y) * row_size,
+                        source.data + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(y) * source.stride,
+                        row_size);
+        return result;
+    }
+    if (rgba_converter().convert_rect(
+            result.bytes.data(), static_cast<intptr_t>(row_size), source.data,
+            source.stride, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(source.width),
+            static_cast<std::uint32_t>(source.height)) != BL_SUCCESS)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Blend2D failed to convert PRGB32 to RGBA8");
+    return result;
+}
 Blend2D_Cache& detail::Frame_2D_Access::render_target(Frame_2D* frame) {
-    if (!frame) throw std::invalid_argument("Render_Scene_2D requires a non-null external frame");
+    if (!frame)
+        throw std::invalid_argument("Render_Scene_2D requires a non-null external frame");
     return frame->d->color;
 }
 }
diff --git a/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.hpp b/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.hpp
index de6561c..afe65de 100644
--- a/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.hpp
+++ b/render_2D/render_2D/base/Frame_2D.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "../render/Blend2D_Cache.hpp"
 #include <frame.hpp>
+#include <array>
 #include <memory>
 namespace aethera::render_2d {
 class Frame_2D;
@@ -11,12 +12,20 @@ struct Frame_2D_Access {
 }
 class Frame_2D final : public Render_Frame {
 public:
-    explicit Frame_2D(Frame_Identity identity);
+    static constexpr Pixel_Format native_pixel_format{
+        Pixel_Format::bgra8_premultiplied};
+    static constexpr std::array supported_pixel_formats{
+        native_pixel_format, Pixel_Format::rgba8};
+    explicit Frame_2D(Frame_Identity identity,
+                      Pixel_Format output_format = native_pixel_format);
     ~Frame_2D() override;
+    [[nodiscard]] Pixel_Format output_format() const noexcept;
     [[nodiscard]] Image_View image() const;
+    /* 按本帧声明的输出格式生成连续像素；原生格式只做必要的行打包。 */
+    [[nodiscard]] Pixel_Buffer output_pixels() const;
 private:
     struct Private;
-    std::unique_ptr<Private> d;                             /* 本帧最终二维颜色结果的唯一所有权。 */
+    std::unique_ptr<Private> d;                             /* 最终二维颜色层及本帧输出格式。 */
     friend struct detail::Frame_2D_Access;
 };
 }
diff --git a/render_2D/render_2D/base/Types.hpp b/render_2D/render_2D/base/Types.hpp
index e3be6b1..59a90f2 100644
--- a/render_2D/render_2D/base/Types.hpp
+++ b/render_2D/render_2D/base/Types.hpp
@@ -141,14 +141,23 @@ enum class Line_Interpolation_Mode : std::uint8_t {
     step_right,
     cubic_value
 };
-enum class Pixel_Format : std::uint8_t { premultiplied_32 };
+enum class Pixel_Format : std::uint8_t {
+    bgra8_premultiplied,
+    rgba8
+};
+struct Pixel_Buffer {
+    std::vector<std::byte> bytes{};
+    int width{};
+    int height{};
+    Pixel_Format format{Pixel_Format::bgra8_premultiplied};
+};
 /* 只读图像像素视图。 */
 struct Image_View {
     const std::byte* data{}; /* 首行像素地址；不拥有内存。 */
     int width{}; /* 图像宽度，单位为像素。 */
     int height{}; /* 图像高度，单位为像素。 */
     int stride{}; /* 相邻两行起点的字节距离。 */
-    Pixel_Format format{Pixel_Format::premultiplied_32}; /* 像素存储格式。 */
+    Pixel_Format format{Pixel_Format::bgra8_premultiplied}; /* 像素存储格式。 */
     [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept {
         return data == nullptr || width <= 0 || height <= 0;
     }
diff --git a/render_2D/render_2D/render/Blend2D_Cache.cpp b/render_2D/render_2D/render/Blend2D_Cache.cpp
index 9d233b3..1974087 100644
--- a/render_2D/render_2D/render/Blend2D_Cache.cpp
+++ b/render_2D/render_2D/render/Blend2D_Cache.cpp
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Image_View Blend2D_Cache::view() const {
     BLImageData data{};
     Private::require_success(d->image.get_data(&data), "read Blend2D cache");
     return {static_cast<const std::byte*>(data.pixel_data), data.size.w, data.size.h,
-            static_cast<int>(data.stride), Pixel_Format::premultiplied_32};
+            static_cast<int>(data.stride), Pixel_Format::bgra8_premultiplied};
 }
 namespace detail {
 void Painter::Private::load_font_face(BLFontFace& face, std::initializer_list<const char*> candidates) {
diff --git a/render_2D/tests/Frame_Pixel_Format_Test.cpp b/render_2D/tests/Frame_Pixel_Format_Test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..824ed54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render_2D/tests/Frame_Pixel_Format_Test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include <render_2D/base/Frame_2D.hpp>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+namespace {
+using namespace aethera;
+using namespace aethera::render_2d;
+void paint_translucent_red(Frame_2D& frame) {
+    auto& target = detail::Frame_2D_Access::render_target(&frame);
+    detail::Painter painter(target, Size{1, 1});
+    painter.rect(Rect_F{0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0},
+                 Pen{Color::transparent(), 0.0, Line_Style::none},
+                 Brush{Color{255, 0, 0, 128}, Brush_Style::solid});
+}
+}
+TEST(frame_pixel_format, publishes_native_bgra_premultiplied_by_default) {
+    Frame_2D frame{Frame_Identity{1, 0}};
+    paint_translucent_red(frame);
+    const auto pixels = frame.output_pixels();
+    ASSERT_EQ(pixels.format, Pixel_Format::bgra8_premultiplied);
+    ASSERT_EQ(pixels.bytes.size(), 4U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[0]), 0U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[1]), 0U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[2]), 128U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[3]), 128U);
+}
+TEST(frame_pixel_format, uses_blend2d_to_publish_straight_rgba) {
+    Frame_2D frame{Frame_Identity{2, 0}, Pixel_Format::rgba8};
+    paint_translucent_red(frame);
+    const auto pixels = frame.output_pixels();
+    ASSERT_EQ(pixels.format, Pixel_Format::rgba8);
+    ASSERT_EQ(pixels.bytes.size(), 4U);
+    EXPECT_GE(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[0]), 254U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[1]), 0U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[2]), 0U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::to_integer<unsigned>(pixels.bytes[3]), 128U);
+}
diff --git a/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.cpp b/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.cpp
index a723579..a8e5c59 100644
--- a/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.cpp
+++ b/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.cpp
@@ -2,13 +2,16 @@
 #include <stdexcept>
 namespace aethera::render_3d {
 struct Frame_3D::Private {
+    Pixel_Format output_format{Frame_3D::native_pixel_format};
     Extent extent{};                                        /* 本帧 GPU 读回图像尺寸。 */
     std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<std::byte>> pixels{};  /* 合并提交共享的不可变 RGBA8 像素。 */
     Frame_3D_Output output{Frame_3D_Output::pixels};         /* 调用方要求的最终帧输出。 */
 };
-Frame_3D::Frame_3D(Frame_Identity identity, Frame_3D_Output output)
+Frame_3D::Frame_3D(Frame_Identity identity, Frame_3D_Output output,
+                   Pixel_Format output_format)
     : Render_Frame(identity), d(std::make_unique<Private>()) {
     d->output = output;
+    d->output_format = output_format;
 }
 Frame_3D::~Frame_3D() = default;
 Extent Frame_3D::extent() const noexcept { return d->extent; }
@@ -17,6 +20,7 @@ std::span<const std::byte> Frame_3D::pixels() const noexcept {
     return *d->pixels;
 }
 Frame_3D_Output Frame_3D::output() const noexcept { return d->output; }
+Pixel_Format Frame_3D::output_format() const noexcept { return d->output_format; }
 void detail::Frame_3D_Access::assign_pixels(
     std::span<Frame_3D* const> frames, Extent extent,
     std::vector<std::byte> pixels) {
diff --git a/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.hpp b/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.hpp
index 16fec10..8f4373f 100644
--- a/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.hpp
+++ b/render_3D/render_3D/base/Frame_3D.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "Types.hpp"
 #include <frame.hpp>
+#include <array>
 #include <memory>
 #include <span>
 #include <vector>
@@ -19,11 +20,16 @@ struct Frame_3D_Access {
 }
 class Frame_3D final : public Render_Frame {
 public:
-    explicit Frame_3D(Frame_Identity identity, Frame_3D_Output output = Frame_3D_Output::pixels);
+    static constexpr Pixel_Format native_pixel_format{Pixel_Format::rgba8_unorm};
+    static constexpr std::array supported_pixel_formats{native_pixel_format};
+    explicit Frame_3D(Frame_Identity identity,
+                      Frame_3D_Output output = Frame_3D_Output::pixels,
+                      Pixel_Format output_format = native_pixel_format);
     ~Frame_3D() override;
     [[nodiscard]] Extent extent() const noexcept;
     [[nodiscard]] std::span<const std::byte> pixels() const noexcept;
     [[nodiscard]] Frame_3D_Output output() const noexcept;
+    [[nodiscard]] Pixel_Format output_format() const noexcept;
 private:
     struct Private;
     std::unique_ptr<Private> d;                             /* 本帧最终三维读回结果的唯一所有权。 */
diff --git a/render_3D/render_3D/base/Types.hpp b/render_3D/render_3D/base/Types.hpp
index 04165b1..3acafb0 100644
--- a/render_3D/render_3D/base/Types.hpp
+++ b/render_3D/render_3D/base/Types.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
 namespace aethera::render_3d {
 using Coordinate_3D = float;
 using Pixel_Distance = float;
+/* Datoviz 离屏目标与读回缓冲之间的实际字节布局。 */
+enum class Pixel_Format : std::uint8_t {
+    rgba8_unorm
+};
 struct Vec2 {
     Coordinate_3D x{};                                      /* 水平分量。 */
     Coordinate_3D y{};                                      /* 垂直分量。 */
diff --git a/web_server/src/Graph_WebSocket.cpp b/web_server/src/Graph_WebSocket.cpp
index 0158d25..df6cb42 100644
--- a/web_server/src/Graph_WebSocket.cpp
+++ b/web_server/src/Graph_WebSocket.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ struct Graph_WebSocket::Private {
 };
 Graph_WebSocket::Graph_WebSocket(drogon::WebSocketConnectionPtr connection, std::shared_ptr<Plot> plot) : d(std::make_unique<Private>()) { d->connection = connection; d->plot = std::move(plot); d->owner = connection.get(); }
 Graph_WebSocket::~Graph_WebSocket() { close(); }
-void Graph_WebSocket::start() { if (d->attached) return; const auto weak = weak_from_this(); d->plot->attach(d->owner, [weak](std::shared_ptr<const Plot_Frame_Message> frame) { const auto socket = weak.lock(); if (!socket) return; const auto connection = socket->d->connection.lock(); if (!connection || !connection->connected()) return; connection->send(frame->metadata, drogon::WebSocketMessageType::Text); if (!frame->pixels.empty()) connection->send(frame->pixels.data(), frame->pixels.size(), drogon::WebSocketMessageType::Binary); }); d->attached = true; }
+void Graph_WebSocket::start() { if (d->attached) return; const auto weak = weak_from_this(); d->plot->attach(d->owner, [weak](std::shared_ptr<const Plot_Frame_Message> frame) { const auto socket = weak.lock(); if (!socket) return; const auto connection = socket->d->connection.lock(); if (!connection || !connection->connected()) return; connection->send(frame->metadata, drogon::WebSocketMessageType::Text); if (!frame->pixels.empty()) connection->send(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(frame->pixels.data()), frame->pixels.size(), drogon::WebSocketMessageType::Binary); }); d->attached = true; }
 void Graph_WebSocket::receive(std::string_view message) {
     const auto json = nlohmann::json::parse(message, nullptr, false);
     if (json.is_discarded() || !json.is_object()) return;
@@ -33,6 +33,16 @@ void Graph_WebSocket::receive(std::string_view message) {
         request.time_milliseconds = value->get<double>();
     if (const auto value = json.find("delivery"); value != json.end() && value->is_string())
         request.delivery = *value == "diagnostics" ? Plot_Frame_Delivery::diagnostics : Plot_Frame_Delivery::pixels;
+    if (const auto value = json.find("pixel_format");
+        value != json.end() && value->is_string()) {
+        if (*value == "bgra8-premultiplied")
+            request.pixel_format = render_2d::Pixel_Format::bgra8_premultiplied;
+        else if (*value == "rgba8")
+            request.pixel_format = render_2d::Pixel_Format::rgba8;
+        else if (*value == "rgba8-unorm")
+            request.pixel_format = render_3d::Pixel_Format::rgba8_unorm;
+        else return;
+    }
     if (const auto viewport = json.find("viewport"); viewport != json.end() && viewport->is_object()) {
         if (const auto value = viewport->find("width"); value != viewport->end() && value->is_number_unsigned())
             request.width = std::clamp(value->get<std::uint32_t>(), 160U, 1920U);
diff --git a/web_server/src/Plot.cpp b/web_server/src/Plot.cpp
index e126bb0..aa1b803 100644
--- a/web_server/src/Plot.cpp
+++ b/web_server/src/Plot.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ using Frequency_Axis_Object = Impl<Frequency_Axis>;
 using Numeric_Axis_Object = Impl<Numeric_Axis>;
 using Time_Axis_Object = Impl<Time_Axis>;
 using Selection_Object = Impl<Selection_Rectangle_Overlay>;
-constexpr std::uint16_t frame_protocol_version{5};
+constexpr std::uint16_t frame_protocol_version{6};
 enum class Frame_Pacing_Mode : std::uint32_t {
     manual,
     fixed_rate,
@@ -77,6 +77,31 @@ std::string_view delivery_name(Plot_Frame_Delivery delivery) {
     }
     throw std::logic_error("unknown plot frame delivery");
 }
+std::string_view pixel_format_name(render_2d::Pixel_Format format) {
+    switch (format) {
+    case render_2d::Pixel_Format::bgra8_premultiplied: return "bgra8-premultiplied";
+    case render_2d::Pixel_Format::rgba8: return "rgba8";
+    }
+    throw std::logic_error("unknown 2D pixel format");
+}
+std::string_view pixel_format_name(render_3d::Pixel_Format format) {
+    switch (format) {
+    case render_3d::Pixel_Format::rgba8_unorm: return "rgba8-unorm";
+    }
+    throw std::logic_error("unknown 3D pixel format");
+}
+nlohmann::json supported_2d_pixel_formats() {
+    auto result = nlohmann::json::array();
+    for (const auto format : Frame_2D::supported_pixel_formats)
+        result.push_back(pixel_format_name(format));
+    return result;
+}
+nlohmann::json supported_3d_pixel_formats() {
+    auto result = nlohmann::json::array();
+    for (const auto format : Frame_3D::supported_pixel_formats)
+        result.push_back(pixel_format_name(format));
+    return result;
+}
 Frame_Pacing_Properties Frame_Policy::snapshot() const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mutex);
     return pacing;
@@ -114,7 +139,13 @@ nlohmann::json Frame_Policy::write_prop(std::string_view key, const nlohmann::js
     }
     return {{"success", false}, {"error", "unknown frame runtime property"}};
 }
-nlohmann::json frame_metadata(Render_Frame& frame, std::uint32_t width, std::uint32_t height, std::size_t byte_length, Plot_Frame_Delivery delivery, const Frame_Pacing_Properties& pacing) {
+nlohmann::json frame_metadata(Render_Frame& frame, std::uint32_t width,
+                              std::uint32_t height, std::size_t byte_length,
+                              std::string_view pixel_format,
+                              std::string_view native_pixel_format,
+                              nlohmann::json supported_pixel_formats,
+                              Plot_Frame_Delivery delivery,
+                              const Frame_Pacing_Properties& pacing) {
     nlohmann::json markers = nlohmann::json::object();
     for (const auto& point : frame.trace_points()) markers[std::string(magic_enum::enum_name(point.marker))] = point.elapsed_ns;
     nlohmann::json measurements = nlohmann::json::object();
@@ -124,7 +155,11 @@ nlohmann::json frame_metadata(Render_Frame& frame, std::uint32_t width, std::uin
         {"kind", "frame_metadata"}, {"protocol", "aethera.frame"}, {"version", frame_protocol_version},
         {"sequence", identity.sequence}, {"correlation_id", identity.correlation_id},
         {"created_time_unix_ms", static_cast<double>(frame.created_time_unix_ns()) / 1'000'000.0}, {"delivery", delivery_name(delivery)},
-        {"pixel", {{"width", width}, {"height", height}, {"format", "rgba8"}, {"byte_length", byte_length}}},
+        {"pixel", {{"width", width}, {"height", height},
+                   {"format", pixel_format},
+                   {"native_format", native_pixel_format},
+                   {"supported_formats", std::move(supported_pixel_formats)},
+                   {"byte_length", byte_length}}},
         {"pacing", {{"mode", pacing_mode_name(pacing.mode)}, {"fixed_rate_fps", pacing.fixed_rate_fps}, {"minimum_latency_headroom", pacing.minimum_latency_headroom}}},
         {"trace", {{"clock", "steady_elapsed_ns"}, {"markers", std::move(markers)}, {"measurements", std::move(measurements)}}}
     };
@@ -132,35 +167,32 @@ nlohmann::json frame_metadata(Render_Frame& frame, std::uint32_t width, std::uin
 std::shared_ptr<const Plot_Frame_Message> encode_frame(Frame_2D* frame, Plot_Frame_Delivery delivery, const Frame_Pacing_Properties& pacing) {
     frame->mark(Frame_Trace_Marker::websocket_publish_started);
     const Image_View image = frame->image();
-    std::string output;
-    if (delivery == Plot_Frame_Delivery::pixels) {
-        output.reserve(static_cast<std::size_t>(image.width) * image.height * 4);
-        for (int y = 0; y < image.height; ++y) {
-            const auto* row = reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(
-                image.data + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(y) * image.stride);
-            for (int x = 0; x < image.width; ++x) {
-                const auto* pixel = row + x * 4;
-                output.push_back(static_cast<char>(pixel[2]));
-                output.push_back(static_cast<char>(pixel[1]));
-                output.push_back(static_cast<char>(pixel[0]));
-                output.push_back(static_cast<char>(pixel[3]));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    Pixel_Buffer output{{}, image.width, image.height, frame->output_format()};
+    if (delivery == Plot_Frame_Delivery::pixels) output = frame->output_pixels();
     frame->mark(Frame_Trace_Marker::websocket_publish_finished);
     auto message = std::make_shared<Plot_Frame_Message>();
-    message->pixels = std::move(output);
-    message->metadata = frame_metadata(*frame, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(image.width), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(image.height), message->pixels.size(), delivery, pacing).dump();
+    message->pixels = std::move(output.bytes);
+    message->metadata = frame_metadata(
+        *frame, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(output.width),
+        static_cast<std::uint32_t>(output.height), message->pixels.size(),
+        pixel_format_name(output.format),
+        pixel_format_name(Frame_2D::native_pixel_format),
+        supported_2d_pixel_formats(), delivery, pacing).dump();
     return message;
 }
 std::shared_ptr<const Plot_Frame_Message> encode_frame(Frame_3D* frame, Plot_Frame_Delivery delivery, const Frame_Pacing_Properties& pacing) {
     frame->mark(Frame_Trace_Marker::websocket_publish_started);
     const auto pixels = frame->pixels();
     auto message = std::make_shared<Plot_Frame_Message>();
-    if (delivery == Plot_Frame_Delivery::pixels) message->pixels.assign(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(pixels.data()), pixels.size());
+    if (delivery == Plot_Frame_Delivery::pixels)
+        message->pixels.assign(pixels.begin(), pixels.end());
     frame->mark(Frame_Trace_Marker::websocket_publish_finished);
     const auto extent = frame->extent();
-    message->metadata = frame_metadata(*frame, extent.width, extent.height, message->pixels.size(), delivery, pacing).dump();
+    message->metadata = frame_metadata(
+        *frame, extent.width, extent.height, message->pixels.size(),
+        pixel_format_name(frame->output_format()),
+        pixel_format_name(Frame_3D::native_pixel_format),
+        supported_3d_pixel_formats(), delivery, pacing).dump();
     return message;
 }
 struct Schema_Query {
@@ -281,9 +313,19 @@ nlohmann::json Plot::Private::schema() const {
 }
 Plot::Private::Managed_Frame Plot::Private::make_frame(Frame_Submission submission) {
     const Frame_Identity identity{next_frame_sequence++, submission.request.correlation_id};
-    if (std::holds_alternative<std::unique_ptr<Scene_2D>>(scene)) return {submission.owner, std::move(submission.request), std::make_unique<Frame_2D>(identity)};
+    if (std::holds_alternative<std::unique_ptr<Scene_2D>>(scene)) {
+        const auto* requested = std::get_if<render_2d::Pixel_Format>(
+            &submission.request.pixel_format);
+        const auto format = requested ? *requested : Frame_2D::native_pixel_format;
+        return {submission.owner, std::move(submission.request),
+                std::make_unique<Frame_2D>(identity, format)};
+    }
     const auto output = submission.request.delivery == Plot_Frame_Delivery::pixels ? Frame_3D_Output::pixels : Frame_3D_Output::diagnostics;
-    return {submission.owner, std::move(submission.request), std::make_unique<Frame_3D>(identity, output)};
+    const auto* requested = std::get_if<render_3d::Pixel_Format>(
+        &submission.request.pixel_format);
+    const auto format = requested ? *requested : Frame_3D::native_pixel_format;
+    return {submission.owner, std::move(submission.request),
+            std::make_unique<Frame_3D>(identity, output, format)};
 }
 void Plot::Private::request_frame(Frame_Submission submission) {
     auto frame = make_frame(std::move(submission));
diff --git a/web_server/src/Plot.hpp b/web_server/src/Plot.hpp
index dad385b..4a86f58 100644
--- a/web_server/src/Plot.hpp
+++ b/web_server/src/Plot.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
 namespace aethera::web {
 struct Plot_Input_Event {
     Event_Type type{Event_Type::pointer_move};
@@ -34,10 +36,12 @@ struct Plot_Frame_Request {
     std::uint32_t width{720};                               /* 请求帧宽度，单位为物理像素。 */
     std::uint32_t height{420};                              /* 请求帧高度，单位为物理像素。 */
     Plot_Frame_Delivery delivery{Plot_Frame_Delivery::pixels}; /* 本次请求返回完整像素或仅返回诊断元数据。 */
+    std::variant<render_2d::Pixel_Format, render_3d::Pixel_Format> pixel_format{
+        render_2d::Frame_2D::native_pixel_format};          /* 二维帧发布格式；三维固定为原生 RGBA8。 */
 };
 struct Plot_Frame_Message {
     std::string metadata{};                                 /* 单帧 JSON 元数据 WebSocket 文本消息。 */
-    std::string pixels{};                                   /* 紧随元数据发送的纯 RGBA8 WebSocket 二进制消息。 */
+    std::vector<std::byte> pixels{};                        /* 格式由元数据声明的像素所有权。 */
 };
 class Plot final : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Plot> {
 public:
diff --git a/webapp_gallery/src/app.tsx b/webapp_gallery/src/app.tsx
index 5c9a724..2aeddc0 100644
--- a/webapp_gallery/src/app.tsx
+++ b/webapp_gallery/src/app.tsx
@@ -28,9 +28,10 @@ type State_Histories = Record<string, number[]>;
 type Stream_Status = "IDLE" | "CONNECTING" | "LIVE" | "OFFLINE";
 type Frame_Pacing_Mode = "manual" | "fixed_rate" | "minimum_latency" | "maximum_rate";
 type Frame_Delivery = "pixels" | "diagnostics";
-type Frame_Metadata = {kind: "frame_metadata"; protocol: "aethera.frame"; version: 5; sequence: number; correlation_id: number;
+type Pixel_Format = "bgra8-premultiplied" | "rgba8" | "rgba8-unorm";
+type Frame_Metadata = {kind: "frame_metadata"; protocol: "aethera.frame"; version: 6; sequence: number; correlation_id: number;
     delivery: Frame_Delivery;
-    created_time_unix_ms: number; pixel: {width: number; height: number; format: "rgba8"; byte_length: number};
+    created_time_unix_ms: number; pixel: {width: number; height: number; format: Pixel_Format; native_format: Pixel_Format; supported_formats: Pixel_Format[]; byte_length: number};
     pacing: {mode: Frame_Pacing_Mode; fixed_rate_fps: number; minimum_latency_headroom: number};
     trace: {clock: "steady_elapsed_ns"; markers: Record<string, number>; measurements: Record<string, number>}};
 type Frame_Stage_Values = Record<string, number>;
@@ -57,22 +58,124 @@ function local_time_milliseconds() {
 function valid_frame_metadata(value: unknown): value is Frame_Metadata {
     if (!value || typeof value !== "object") return false;
     const frame = value as Partial<Frame_Metadata>;
-    return frame.kind === "frame_metadata" && frame.protocol === "aethera.frame" && frame.version === 5
+    return frame.kind === "frame_metadata" && frame.protocol === "aethera.frame" && frame.version === 6
         && typeof frame.sequence === "number" && typeof frame.correlation_id === "number"
         && (frame.delivery === "pixels" || frame.delivery === "diagnostics")
-        && Boolean(frame.pixel) && frame.pixel?.format === "rgba8" && Boolean(frame.trace);
+        && Boolean(frame.pixel) && (frame.pixel?.format === "rgba8" || frame.pixel?.format === "bgra8-premultiplied" || frame.pixel?.format === "rgba8-unorm")
+        && (frame.pixel?.native_format === "rgba8" || frame.pixel?.native_format === "bgra8-premultiplied" || frame.pixel?.native_format === "rgba8-unorm")
+        && Array.isArray(frame.pixel?.supported_formats)
+        && frame.pixel!.supported_formats.includes(frame.pixel!.format)
+        && Boolean(frame.trace);
 }
 
-function draw_pixels(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, bytes: ArrayBuffer, metadata: Frame_Metadata) {
-    const {width, height, byte_length} = metadata.pixel;
-    if (bytes.byteLength !== byte_length || byte_length !== width * height * 4) return null;
-    const started = performance.now();
-    const pixels = new Uint8ClampedArray(bytes);
-    if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) { canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; }
+type Pixel_Renderer = {
+    preferred_2d_format: Pixel_Format;
+    draw: (bytes: ArrayBuffer, metadata: Frame_Metadata) => number | null;
+};
+
+function shader(gl: WebGL2RenderingContext, type: number, source: string) {
+    const value = gl.createShader(type);
+    if (!value) return null;
+    gl.shaderSource(value, source);
+    gl.compileShader(value);
+    if (gl.getShaderParameter(value, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) return value;
+    gl.deleteShader(value);
+    return null;
+}
+
+function webgl_pixel_renderer(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, gl: WebGL2RenderingContext): Pixel_Renderer | null {
+    const vertex = shader(gl, gl.VERTEX_SHADER, `#version 300 es
+        precision highp float;
+        const vec2 positions[3] = vec2[3](vec2(-1.0, -1.0), vec2(3.0, -1.0), vec2(-1.0, 3.0));
+        out vec2 texture_coordinate;
+        void main() {
+            vec2 position = positions[gl_VertexID];
+            gl_Position = vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0);
+            texture_coordinate = vec2(position.x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (position.y * 0.5 + 0.5));
+        }`);
+    const fragment = shader(gl, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, `#version 300 es
+        precision highp float;
+        uniform sampler2D frame_texture;
+        uniform bool source_is_bgra;
+        in vec2 texture_coordinate;
+        out vec4 output_color;
+        void main() {
+            vec4 color = texture(frame_texture, texture_coordinate);
+            output_color = source_is_bgra ? color.bgra : color;
+        }`);
+    if (!vertex || !fragment) return null;
+    const program = gl.createProgram();
+    if (!program) return null;
+    gl.attachShader(program, vertex);
+    gl.attachShader(program, fragment);
+    gl.linkProgram(program);
+    gl.deleteShader(vertex);
+    gl.deleteShader(fragment);
+    if (!gl.getProgramParameter(program, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
+        gl.deleteProgram(program);
+        return null;
+    }
+    const texture = gl.createTexture();
+    const vertex_array = gl.createVertexArray();
+    if (!texture || !vertex_array) return null;
+    const format_location = gl.getUniformLocation(program, "source_is_bgra");
+    gl.useProgram(program);
+    gl.uniform1i(gl.getUniformLocation(program, "frame_texture"), 0);
+    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+    gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
+    gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.NEAREST);
+    gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
+    gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_COLORSPACE_CONVERSION_WEBGL, gl.NONE);
+    gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+    return {
+        preferred_2d_format: "bgra8-premultiplied",
+        draw: (bytes, metadata) => {
+            const {width, height, byte_length, format} = metadata.pixel;
+            if (bytes.byteLength !== byte_length || byte_length !== width * height * 4) return null;
+            const started = performance.now();
+            if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) {
+                canvas.width = width;
+                canvas.height = height;
+            }
+            gl.viewport(0, 0, width, height);
+            gl.useProgram(program);
+            gl.bindVertexArray(vertex_array);
+            gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
+            gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+            gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, width, height, 0, gl.RGBA,
+                          gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, new Uint8Array(bytes));
+            gl.uniform1i(format_location, format === "bgra8-premultiplied" ? 1 : 0);
+            gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            return performance.now() - started;
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+function pixel_renderer(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): Pixel_Renderer | null {
+    const gl = canvas.getContext("webgl2", {
+        alpha: false, antialias: false, depth: false, stencil: false,
+        premultipliedAlpha: true, preserveDrawingBuffer: false
+    });
+    if (gl) return webgl_pixel_renderer(canvas, gl);
     const context = canvas.getContext("2d", {alpha: false});
     if (!context) return null;
-    context.putImageData(new ImageData(pixels, width, height), 0, 0);
-    return performance.now() - started;
+    return {
+        preferred_2d_format: "rgba8",
+        draw: (bytes, metadata) => {
+            const {width, height, byte_length, format} = metadata.pixel;
+            if ((format !== "rgba8" && format !== "rgba8-unorm") || bytes.byteLength !== byte_length ||
+                byte_length !== width * height * 4) return null;
+            const started = performance.now();
+            if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) {
+                canvas.width = width;
+                canvas.height = height;
+            }
+            context.putImageData(new ImageData(new Uint8ClampedArray(bytes), width, height), 0, 0);
+            return performance.now() - started;
+        }
+    };
 }
 
 function percentile(values: number[], ratio: number) {
@@ -271,6 +374,15 @@ function use_plot_stream(plot: Plot, canvas_ref: React.RefObject<HTMLCanvasEleme
             set_status("IDLE");
             return;
         }
+        const canvas = canvas_ref.current;
+        const renderer = canvas ? pixel_renderer(canvas) : null;
+        if (!renderer) {
+            socket_ref.current = null;
+            set_status("OFFLINE");
+            return;
+        }
+        const requested_pixel_format: Pixel_Format = plot.dimension === "2D"
+            ? renderer.preferred_2d_format : "rgba8-unorm";
         let stopped = false;
         let timer = 0;
         let diagnostics_timer = 0;
@@ -331,7 +443,8 @@ function use_plot_stream(plot: Plot, canvas_ref: React.RefObject<HTMLCanvasEleme
             const request_id = next_request_id++;
             const started_at = performance.now();
             const delivery: Frame_Delivery = stream_pixels_ref.current ? "pixels" : "diagnostics";
-            socket.send(JSON.stringify({...message, request_id, delivery}));
+            socket.send(JSON.stringify({...message, request_id, delivery,
+                pixel_format: requested_pixel_format}));
             request_started_at.set(request_id, started_at);
             frame_pending = true;
             manual_frame_pending = false;
@@ -418,10 +531,9 @@ function use_plot_stream(plot: Plot, canvas_ref: React.RefObject<HTMLCanvasEleme
         const receive_pixels = (bytes: ArrayBuffer) => {
             const pair = pending_metadata;
             pending_metadata = null;
-            const canvas = canvas_ref.current;
-            if (!pair || !canvas) return;
+            if (!pair) return;
             const completed_at = performance.now();
-            const canvas_upload_ms = draw_pixels(canvas, bytes, pair.value);
+            const canvas_upload_ms = renderer.draw(bytes, pair.value);
             if (canvas_upload_ms !== null) complete_frame(pair, completed_at, canvas_upload_ms, true);
             else {
                 frame_pending = false;
@@ -777,7 +889,7 @@ const pipeline_2d_definitions: Pipeline_Stage_Definition[] = [
     ["pipeline_2d_paint_ms", "Blend2D 绘制", "二维 Paint 任务图清屏并写入 Blend2D 帧缓存的耗时。"],
     ["pipeline_2d_scene_coordination_ms", "2D Scene 编排", "Scene 渲染区间内除事件、Prepare、Paint 外的依赖图编排耗时。"],
     ["pipeline_2d_callback_ms", "2D 完成回调", "同步二维帧完成后回调到 Plot 发布线程的耗时。"],
-    ["pipeline_2d_encode_ms", "BGRA→RGBA 编码", "逐行把 Blend2D BGRA 帧缓存转换成 WebSocket RGBA 载荷的耗时。"],
+    ["pipeline_2d_encode_ms", "2D 像素封装", "原生 BGRA 帧只进行连续行打包；仅在浏览器不支持 WebGL2 时由 Blend2D 转换为 RGBA。"],
     ["pipeline_2d_frame_handoff_ms", "2D 帧建立与发布调度", "Render_Frame 建立、进入 Scene 以及编码完成后生成元数据的调度间隙。"]
 ];
 const pipeline_3d_definitions: Pipeline_Stage_Definition[] = [
@@ -1069,7 +1181,7 @@ const Plot_Card = memo(function Plot_Card({plot, selected, policy, on_policy, on
         <div className="plotExecutionPolicy" onPointerDown={event => event.stopPropagation()}>
             <label title="控制这张图的画面是否显示；不改变 Scene 自身的 visible 属性。"><input type="checkbox" checked={policy.visible} onChange={event => on_policy(plot.id, {visible: event.target.checked})}/>显示画面</label>
             <label title="关闭显示画面后，是否仍持续请求真实后端帧并采集诊断。"><input type="checkbox" checked={policy.refresh_hidden} onChange={event => on_policy(plot.id, {refresh_hidden: event.target.checked})}/>隐藏时继续采样</label>
-            <label title="开启时传输完整 RGBA 像素；关闭时只传诊断 JSON，用于隔离 GPU 渲染与 WebSocket 像素传输开销。"><input type="checkbox" checked={policy.transfer_pixels} onChange={event => on_policy(plot.id, {transfer_pixels: event.target.checked})}/>WebSocket 像素</label>
+            <label title="开启时传输后端声明格式的完整像素；关闭时只传诊断 JSON，用于隔离渲染与 WebSocket 像素传输开销。"><input type="checkbox" checked={policy.transfer_pixels} onChange={event => on_policy(plot.id, {transfer_pixels: event.target.checked})}/>WebSocket 像素</label>
         </div>
         {plot.description ? <p>{plot.description}</p> : null}<div className={`plotViewport${policy.visible ? "" : " plotViewportHidden"}`}><canvas ref={canvas_ref} tabIndex={0}/>{!policy.visible ? <div className="plotHiddenState"><strong>画面不可见</strong><span>{policy.refresh_hidden ? "后端仍在渲染与采样" : "后端帧请求已停止"}</span></div> : null}</div></article>;
 });